An aeroplane in flight is the center of a continuous tug of war between four forces: lift, gravity force or weight, thrust, and drag. In order for an aeroplane to fly straight and level, the relationships of the four forces are Thrust = Drag and Lift = Weight.

Lift: the force which opposes the force of gravity (or weight).
Gravity: the natural force of attraction exerted by a celestial body upon objects at or near its surface, tending to draw them toward the center of the body.
Thrust: a force created by a power source which gives an aeroplane forward motion.
Drag: the force which delays or slows the forward movement of an aeroplane through the air when the airflow direction is opposite to the direction of motion of the aeroplane.

Most aviation fuels used for aircraft are petroleum spirit used in engines with spark plugs or fuel for jet turbine engines which is also used in diesel aircraft engines.
Avgas is sold in much low volumes and mostly consumed in light aircraft, whereas Jet fuel is sold in high volumes and used by large aircraft.

The largest fixed-wing aircraft ever built in the world is Antonov An-225 Mriya (Dream)NATO reporting name: Cossack.It is the greatest and heaviest load-lifting aircraft commercially available for flying any over-sized payload due to the unique size of its cargo deck. An-225’s operating empty weight is 285,000kg. It is 84m long with maximum flying speed at 850km/h (460knots, 530mph).

A double-deck, wide-body, four-engine aircraft Airbus A380 is the largest passenger aircraft in the world. Airbus A380’s operating empty weight is 276,800kg. It is 73m long with maximum flying speed at 1,020km/h (551knots, 634mph). It provides seating for 525 people in a typical three-class configuration or up to 853 people in all economy class configurations.

BD-5 is the smallest aircraft in the world. BD-5 is162 kg in weight, 3.7 m long, has a wingspan from 4.26 m to 6.55 m (depending on used modification), and can fly at 483 km/h (300 mph). It has a small fuselage, small engine installed in a compartment, and small propeller (or jet engine in the BD-5J variant) in the rear.

Air traffic controllers coordinate the movements of aircraft, keep them at ­safe distances from each other, direct them during takeoff and landing from airports, direct them around bad weather and ensure that traffic flows smoothly with minimal delays.

The aircraft  marshallers are responsible for directing by visual or other means the movement of aircraft on the ground to its parking, hovering and  landing  place and for the  pushback, and the towing of aircraft on the ramp and taxiways.

An aeroplane contains a number of radios for a variety of tasks. These radios include: a radio that the pilot uses to talk to ground control and air traffic control (ATC), a radio that the pilot uses to disclose the aircraft position to ATC computers, a number of radar units used for guidance and weather detection and so on. These radios transmit and receive information at specific frequencies. The switch-on cell phone which transmits with a great deal of power (up to 3 watts)  creates interference that can overlap with the radio frequencies which the plane uses. In this case, messages between people or computers may be garbled which  could result in faulty messages between equipment within the plane.

Runways are generally designated according to their magnetic heading (the takeoff direction that it is "pointing towards"). Runway's designation is not written in degrees, but is encoded in the whole number nearest one-tenth (degrees divided by 10 rounded) of the magnetic azimuth of the runway centerline, measured clockwise from the magnetic variation. As a runway has two ends for take offs and landings, it therefore has two designations.

Take Macau International Airport as an example, its runway designations are "16" and "34".
Runway 16: 163/10 => 16.3 => 16 (rounded)
Runway 34: 343/10 => 34.3 => 34 (rounded)